Instructor: Dr. Arthur Turfa holds a master’s degree in history from Binghamton University. A Retired Reservist with Veteran Status, he has taught military history classes, and taught History as an adjunct at several post-secondary institutions in Pennsylvania. From his other studies and courses offered, he is uniquely equipped to address the issues surrounding the 1745 Rising and Jacobinism. Description: Previous Jacobite attempts to restore the House of Stuart failed. The 1745 Rising, led by Prince Charles Stuart, came the closest to usurping the House of Hanover from the throne. An army of Highlanders, Lowlanders, and some English Jacobites came within 100 miles of London. After defeat at the Culloden in April 1746, Prince Charles was forced into hiding and George II never faced another threat to his reign. Things did not have to end this way for Charles. While some things were beyond his control, nevertheless at critical junctures, he made wrong decisions. We will never know what the outcome would have been, but we will see that all roads did not lead to Culloden.