From the ancient explorations of light by Aristocles, through Newton’s foundational work in optics, to ground-breaking contributions by Einstein, Born, Wolf, and other pioneers, the study of optics has progressed far beyond simple lenses. Today, optical fibers power high-speed internet, holography enhances entertainment and secures banknotes against counterfeiting, and lasers play critical roles in supermarket scanners, military technology, and medical procedures. This course will delve into the essentials of optics while highlighting cutting-edge advancements in this dynamic field. Students will explore the mechanics of telescopes and microscopes, learn to measure the refractive indices of various materials, and examine how polarization enhances everyday technologies like sunglasses and 3D films, as well as fascinating examples of how nature uses polarization. The course will conclude with an introduction to lasers and the latest innovations shaping the future of modern optics.